Nevertheless, physical assessment is essential to provide objective data to compare the prospective effects of interventions for pain management ( Imamura et al., 2013 Calixtre et al., 2016 Intelangelo, Bordachar & Barbosa, 2016). These characteristics may impair conclusions and lead to biased clinical reasoning regarding the patterns of group pain due to intra-group and longitudinal variability in subjects’ co-morbidities and momentaneous emotional state. Pain has been described as a multidimensional construct involving psychological and physical domains with different patterns depending on the emotional state ( Melia et al., 2015). The results support more widespread use of the pressure pain threshold method among clinicians. The adapted pressure algometer provide valid and reliable measurements of pressure pain threshold. Inter-rater reliability results were moderate ( r = 0.55–0.60 Cronbach’s α = 0.71–0.75). The results demonstrated the validity and intra-rater reliability of the digitally adapted pressure algometer. Very strong ( r = 0.73–0.74) to near-perfect ( r = 0.99) correlations were found, with a low risk of bias for all measurements. The validity and internal intra-rater consistencies ranged from 0.84 to 0.99, and the standard error of measurement from 0.005 to 0.04 kPa. No differences were observed when comparing the compression results ( P = 0.51). The standard error of measurement provided estimates of measurement error, and the measurement bias was estimated with the Bland–Altman method, with lower and upper limits of agreement. Cronbach’s α test was used to assess internal consistency. The main outcome measurements were as follows: the maximal peak force (in kPa) and the pressure pain threshold (adapted pressure algometer vs. The pressure pain thresholds of 20 volunteers were collected twice (3 days apart) by two raters. MethodsĪ single rater applied 60 random compressions on a force platform. This study aimed to assess the instrumental validity, and the intra- and inter-rater reliability of an inexpensive digital adapted pressure algometer. However, the pressure algometer is often expensive, which limits its daily use in both clinical and research settings. A low-cost valid and reliable pressure algometer would allow objective assessment of pressure pain to assist a variety of health professionals. Pain assessment is a key measure that accompanies treatments in a wide range of clinical settings. Instrumental validity and intra/inter-rater reliability of a novel low-cost digital pressure algometer. Cite this article Jerez-Mayorga D, dos Anjos CF, Macedo MdC, Fernandes IG, Aedo-Muñoz E, Intelangelo L, Barbosa AC. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited. Licence This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. 4 Department of Physical Therapy, Universidad del Gran Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina DOI 10.7717/peerj.10162 Published Accepted Received Academic Editor Denis Marcellin-Little Subject Areas Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Drugs and Devices, Evidence Based Medicine, Kinesiology Keywords Pain assessment, Validity, Reliability, Pressure algometry, Pressure pain threshold, Inexpensive Copyright © 2020 Jerez-Mayorga et al.
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